Bourbaki

Lemma 6

Tag 02S4, permanent. Cite it as [Bourbaki, Tag 02S4].

Théories spectrales, chapter III, § 3. Endomorphismes de Fredholm et endomorphismes de Riesz

Let E and F be Fréchet spaces and u∈L(E;F)u\in \mathscr{L}(E; F). Suppose that the image of uu is of finite codimension in F. Then the image of uu is closed in F and uu is a strict morphism.

Let G be a vector subspace of F supplementary to Im(uu); the subspace G is closed (TVS, I, p. 14, cor. 1), hence the quotient space F/GF/G is a Fréchet space (TG, IX, p. 25, prop. 4). Let π:F→F/G\pi : F\rightarrow F/G be the canonical surjection. The mapping π∘u\pi \circ u is surjective, hence strict (TVS, I, p. 19, cor. 3). The assertion then results from cor. 2 of III, p. 40.

Bourbaki sets the proof directly after the statement, and the corpus does not separate them, so what is above is the statement and its proof together.

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Cites

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Machine translation of the English, by gpt-5-6-mini, gpt-5.4, against glossary version 34. Not checked by a person. That model is a cut down version of the one the rest of this language was written by.