Bourbaki

Corollary

Tag 069W, permanent. Cite it as [Bourbaki, Tag 069W].

Algebra, chapter IV, § 1. Polynomials

— Let f∈A[X1,...,Xp]f \in A[X_1, ..., X_p] and gi∈A[Y1,...,Yq]g_i \in A[Y_1, ..., Y_q] for 1≤i≤p1 \leq i \leq p, and write h=f(g1,...,gp)h = f(g_1, ..., g_p), then for 1≤j≤q1 \leq j \leq q we have

∂h∂Yj=∑i=1pDif(g1,...,gp)⋅∂gi∂Yj. \frac{\partial h}{\partial Y_j} = \sum_{i=1}^p D_i f(g_1, ..., g_p) \cdot \frac{\partial g_i}{\partial Y_j}.

This is the special case E=A[Y1,...,Yr]E = A[Y_1, ..., Y_r], xi=gix_i = g_i and D=∂/∂YjD = \partial / \partial Y_j of Prop. 4.

Let X=(Xi)i∈IX = (X_i)_{i \in I}, Y=(Yi)i∈IY = (Y_i)_{i \in I} be two disjoint families of indeterminates, and write X+YX + Y for the family (Xi+Yi)i∈I(X_i + Y_i)_{i \in I}. Given u∈A[X]u \in A[X], consider the element u(X+Y)u(X + Y) of A[X,Y]A[X, Y]. For ν∈N(I)\nu \in \mathbf{N}^{(I)} we denote by AνuA^\nu u the coefficient of YνY_\nu in u(X+Y)u(X + Y), considered as polynomial in the YiY_i with coefficients in A[X]A[X]. By definition we have Aνu∈A[X]A^\nu u \in A[X] and

u(X+Y)=∑ν(Δνu)(X)Yν. u(X + Y) = \sum_\nu (\Delta^\nu u)(X) Y^\nu.

(Here and in the rest of this No., the summations are extended over the index set N(I)\mathbf{N}^{(I)} unless the contrary is said.)

Let a∈A′a \in A', then on substituting aa for XX and X−aX - a for YY in (9) we obtain

u(X)=∑ν(Δνu)(a)(X−a)ν. u(X) = \sum_\nu (\Delta^\nu u)(a)(X - a)^\nu.

In particular we have

u(X)=∑ν(Δνu)(0)Xν. u(X) = \sum_\nu (\Delta^\nu u)(0) X^\nu.

If u,v∈A[X]u, v \in A[X], we have

(uv)(X+Y)=(∑ν(Δνu)(X)Yν)(∑ρ(Δρv)(X)Yρ)=∑σ[∑ν+ρ=σ(Δνu)(X)(Δρv)(X)]Yσ (uv)(X + Y) = \left( \sum_\nu (\Delta^\nu u)(X) Y^\nu \right) \left( \sum_\rho (\Delta^\rho v)(X) Y^\rho \right) = \sum_\sigma \left[ \sum_{\nu + \rho = \sigma} (\Delta^\nu u)(X)(\Delta^\rho v)(X) \right] Y^\sigma

hence

Δσ(uv)=∑ν+ρ=σ(Δνu)(Δρv). \Delta^\sigma(uv) = \sum_{\nu + \rho = \sigma} (\Delta^\nu u)(\Delta^\rho v).

Let Z=(Zi)i∈IZ = (Z_i)_{i \in I} be another family of indeterminates.

We have:

∑ν(Δνu)(X)(Y+Z)ν=u(X+Y+Z) \sum_{\nu} (\Delta^\nu u)(\mathbf{X})(\mathbf{Y} + \mathbf{Z})^\nu = u(\mathbf{X} + \mathbf{Y} + \mathbf{Z})
=∑σ(Auu)(X+Y)Zu = \sum_{\sigma} (Au u)(\mathbf{X} + \mathbf{Y})Zu
=∑ρ,σ(ΔρΔσu)(X)YρZσu, = \sum_{\rho, \sigma} (\Delta^\rho \Delta^\sigma u)(\mathbf{X}) Y^\rho Z^\sigma u,

hence by I, p. 99, Cor. 2:

(13)

ΔρΔσu=(ρ+σ)!ρ!  σ!Δρ+σu. \Delta^\rho \Delta^\sigma u = \frac{(\rho + \sigma)!}{\rho! \; \sigma!} \Delta^{\rho + \sigma} u.

Bourbaki puts the proof directly after the statement, so what is above is the statement and its proof together.

Cited by

Nothing.

Cites

Transcribed from the printed edition, 2003, Springer. Not translated.