Bourbaki

Lemma

Tag 01XL, permanent. Cite it as [Bourbaki, Tag 01XL].

Topologie algébrique, chapter III, § 2. Homotopie et chemins

Let X be a topological space connected and locally connected by arcs and let xx be a point of X. Suppose that the point xx has a countable fundamental system of neighbourhoods. Then, for every sequence (xn)n⩾1(x_n)_{n\geqslant 1} of points of X tending to xx, there exists a path cc in X such that c(0)=xc(0) =x and c(1/n)=xnc(1/n) =x_n for n⩾1n\geqslant 1.

Let (Wm)m⩾1(W_m)_{m\geqslant 1} be a fundamental system of neighbourhoods of xx. Put V0=XV_0= X and for every m⩾1m\geqslant 1, let VmV_m be an arc-connected neighbourhood of xx contained in Vm−1∩WmV_{m-1}\cap W_m.

For every integer n⩾1n\geqslant 1, denote by mnm_n the largest integer m⩽nm\leqslant n such that xk∈Vmx_k\in V_m for every k⩾nk\geqslant n. The sequence (mn)n⩾1(m_n)_{n\geqslant 1} is increasing by definition; it tends to infinity, because the sequence (xn)n⩾1(x_n)_{n\geqslant 1} tends to xx. For every integer n⩾1n\geqslant 1, let cn:I→Vmnc_n:\mathbf{I}\rightarrow V_{m_n} be a path with origin xn+1x_{n+1} and endpoint xnx_n in VmnV_{m_n}. Define a mapping c:I→Xc:\mathbf{I}\rightarrow X by putting c(0)=xc(0) =x and c(t)=cn(n(n+1)t−n)c(t) =c_n(n(n+ 1)t-n) if 1/(n+1)<t⩽1/(n+ 1)< t\leqslant 1/n1/n. We have c(1/n)=xnc(1/n) =x_n for every n⩾1n\geqslant 1. The mapping cc is therefore continuous on every interval of the form [1/(n+1),1/n][1/(n+ 1),1/n] with n⩾1n\geqslant 1, hence on the interval ]0,1]]0,1]. If t⩽1/nt\leqslant 1/n, the point c(t)c(t) belongs to VmnV_{m_n}; the mapping cc is therefore continuous at 0.

Bourbaki sets the proof directly after the statement, and the corpus does not separate them, so what is above is the statement and its proof together.

Cited by

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Cites

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Machine translation of the English, by gpt-5-6-mini, gpt-5-mini, gpt-5-6, gpt-5.4, against glossary version 34. Not checked by a person. That model is a cut down version of the one the rest of this language was written by.