For the algebra A⊕E(δ) to be associative and unital, it is necessary and sufficient that A be associative and unital, and that the mappings (a,x)↦a.x and (a,x)↦x.a define on E an (A,A)-bimodule structure; the unit element of A⊕E(δ) is then (1,0).
If an element (u,m)∈A⊕E(δ) is written as unit element of this algebra, it is immediately found that u must be the unit element of A; writing (u,m).(0,x)=(0,x).(u,m)=(0,x), we obtain u.x=x.u=x for x∈E and, writing (u,m).(u,0)=(u,0).(u,m)=(u,0), we obtain m=0. The fact that A is associative when A⊕E(δ) is follows from the fact that the augmentation is a surjective homomorphism. The condition (x.a′).a′′=x.(a′.a′′) is then equivalent to ((0,x)(a′,0))(a′′,0)=(0,x)((a′,0)(a′′,0)) and similarly the condition a.(a′.x)=(a.a′).x is equivalent to
(a,0)((a′,0)(0,x))=((a,0)(a′,0))(0,x);
finally the condition a.(x.a′)=(a.x).a′ is equivalent to
(a,0)((0,x)(a′,0))=((a,0)(0,x))(a′,0).
Bourbaki puts the proof directly after the statement, so what is above is the statement and its proof together.
Nothing.