Bourbaki

Example 3

Tag 08I8, permanent. Cite it as [Bourbaki, Tag 08I8].

Functions of a Real Variable, chapter VI, § 1. GENERALIZED TAYLOR EXPANSIONS

Let E be the vector space of functions ff defined and continuous on R\mathbf{R}, and such that the integral ∫−∞+∞f(x+ξ)e−ξ2/2dξ\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} f(x + \xi) e^{-\xi^2/2} d\xi converges for all x≥0x \geq 0. The operator U defined by

Uλξ(f(ξ))=12π∫−∞+∞e−ξ2/2f(x+ξ)dξ U_\lambda^\xi \left( f(\xi) \right) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}} \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} e^{-\xi^2/2} f(x + \xi) d\xi

is then defined on E and is clearly a composition operator. The space E contains all the exponentials eλxe^{\lambda x} (λ\lambda arbitrary complex), and one has

u(λ)=12π∫−∞+∞e−(ξ2/2)+λξdξ=12πeλ2/2∫−∞+∞e−(ξ−λ)2/2dξ=eλ2/2 u(\lambda) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}} \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} e^{-(\xi^2/2) + \lambda \xi} d\xi \\ = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}} e^{\lambda^2/2} \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} e^{-(\xi - \lambda)^2/2} d\xi = e^{\lambda^2/2}

(cf. III, p. 120, exerc. 24, and VII, p. 313, formula (22)). One has n!αn=U0ξ(ξn)=12π∫−∞+∞e−ξ2/2ξndξn! \alpha_n = U_0^\xi (\xi^n) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}} \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} e^{-\xi^2/2} \xi^n d\xi. For every integer nn one can write

∑k=0n∫−∞+∞∣λξ∣kk!e−ξ2/2dξ≤2∫0+∞e−(ξ2/2)+∣λ∣ξdξ. \sum_{k=0}^n \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} \frac{|\lambda \xi|^k}{k!} e^{-\xi^2/2} d\xi \leq 2 \int_0^{+\infty} e^{-(\xi^2/2) + |\lambda| \xi} d\xi.

The series ∑n=0∞e−ξ2/2(λξ)nn!\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} e^{-\xi^2/2} \frac{(\lambda \xi)^n}{n!} can therefore be integrated term-by-term over R\mathbf{R} (II, p. 72, cor. 1), which proves that the series ∑n=0∞αnλn\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \alpha_n \lambda^n converges absolutely for every λ∈C\lambda \in \mathbf{C}, and has a sum equal to u(λ)=eλ2/2=∑n=0∞λ2n2nn!u(\lambda) = e^{\lambda^2/2} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{\lambda^{2n}}{2^n n!}; thus the operator UU is regular. Applying the lemma mentioned above shows that α2n=1/2nn!, α2n+1=0\alpha_{2n} = 1/2^n n!,\ \alpha_{2n+1} = 0 for every n≥0n \geq 0; the operator UU is thus of order 0. One has

1u(λ)=e−λ2/2=∑n=0∞(−1)nλ2n2nn!, \frac{1}{u(\lambda)} = e^{-\lambda^2/2} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^n \lambda^{2n}}{2^n n!},

the series being absolutely convergent for every λ∈C\lambda \in \mathbf{C}; another application of the lemma shows that β2n=(−1)n(2n)!2nn!, β2n+1=0\beta_{2n} = \frac{(-1)^n (2n)!}{2^n n!},\ \beta_{2n+1} = 0; further, the series ∑n=0∞λnn!un(x)\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{\lambda^n}{n!} u_n(x) is absolutely convergent for every λ∈C\lambda \in \mathbf{C} and every x∈Rx \in \mathbf{R}, and one has

∑n=0∞λnn!un(x)=exp⁡(−λ22+λx)=exp⁡(x22)exp⁡(−12(λ−x)2). \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{\lambda^n}{n!} u_n(x) = \exp \left( -\frac{\lambda^2}{2} + \lambda x \right) = \exp \left( \frac{x^2}{2} \right) \exp \left( -\frac{1}{2} (\lambda - x)^2 \right).

On applying the Taylor formula to the function exp⁡(−x2/2)\exp(-x^2/2) one then obtains the following expression for the polynomials un(x)u_n(x):

un(x)=(−1)neλ2/2dndxn(e−x2/2). u_n(x) = (-1)^n e^{\lambda^2/2} \frac{d^n}{dx^n} (e^{-x^2/2}).

This polynomial is called the Hermite polynomial of degree nn, and is often denoted by Hn(x)\mathrm{H}_n(x). The formulae (7), (8) and (9) of VI, p. 273, here give

dHndx=nHn−1(x) \frac{d \mathrm{H}_n}{dx} = n \mathrm{H}_{n-1}(x)
Hn(x+y)=∑k=0n(nk)Hn−k(x)yk \mathrm{H}_n(x+y) = \sum_{k=0}^n \binom{n}{k} \mathrm{H}_{n-k}(x) y^k
12π∫−∞+∞e−ξ2/2Hn(x+ξ)dξ=xn \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}} \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} e^{-\xi^2/2} \mathrm{H}_n(x+\xi) d\xi = x^n

and the formula (27) of VI, p. 278, becomes, for h=0h = 0

2πf(x)=∑m=0n(∫−∞+∞eξ2/2f(m)(ξ)dξ)Hm(x)m! \sqrt{2\pi} f(x) = \sum_{m=0}^n \left( \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} e^{\xi^2/2} f^{(m)}(\xi) d\xi \right) \frac{\mathrm{H}_m(x)}{m!}
−∫−∞+∞dξ∫0ξHn(x+η)n!e−(ξ+η)2/2f(n+1)(x+ξ−η)dη. - \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} d\xi \int_0^\xi \frac{\mathrm{H}_n(x+\eta)}{n!} e^{-(\xi+\eta)^2/2} f^{(n+1)}(x+\xi-\eta) d\eta.

Bourbaki puts the proof directly after the statement, so what is above is the statement and its proof together.

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Cites

Transcribed from the printed volume. Not translated.